Human

Humans (Homo sapiens) are the dominant species of Earth. In the post–apocalyptic age, "human" is more specifically used to denote those left more-or-less unaffected by radiation as opposed to mutants like ghouls and super mutants, even though said mutant types originate from humans. Non–mutated humans are sometimes called normals, smoothskins, or bleeders by their mutant counterparts. Four distinguishable, common ethnic groups are present in post-War America: African, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic.

Description
Despite the existence of various mutations, humans are still the most common humanoid creatures on Earth. Post-nuclear humans, as a direct result of the radiation and exposition to the F.E.V. of the West Tek Research Facility (that mutated after the Great War due to radiation), and some other biochemical agents released into the environment during and after the Great War, exhibit more diversity, primarily in genetic structure. The aforementioned factors have resulted in an increased rate of mutations in humans, although very few of these result in phenotypical changes. Most of these changes are non-lethal, non-damaging variations in the human DNA that simply increase the gene pool variety. Also, humans with minor mutations, like additional toes, skin lesions due to TDC infection, permanent red eyes, permanent varicose veins, or complete lack of hair are still considered to be normal humans.

Pure and prime humans
"Pure" humans, or "prime normals" are theoretically humans that have not been mutated unnaturally by radiation or other post-War pollutants. They can be said to be original humans, no different than those from before the War. However, because of the widespread and pervasive fallout in the wasteland, these represent a very small minority of all sentient species on Earth. They exist only in isolated factions, such as in remote areas untouched by radiation, an example being underground vaults. Some vaults, opening after the radiation has faded, can produce tribes which can be said to be pure, such as the Boomers. Used in a broader sense to term those humans with a low to relatively radiation-free state, being a pure human is more properly attributed to those who are affected by the FEV in the way intended from before the Great War.

All of these variations have been uniquely interpreted by the Enclave leadership as the basis for claiming that the humans living outside the Enclave and isolated vaults are no longer pure; rather, that they are, in fact, "near-humans" that pose a threat to the supposedly "pure" humanity living in the aforementioned locations. This theory, based in the claims of Dick Richardson and John Henry Eden is relatively vague in fact: debate remains whether these genetic variations are considerable enough to substantiate a new species of human, or even if the differences exist at all. It is also claimed by the super mutants that humans not exposed to radiation (those located in vaults) will transform into superior mutants when exposed to FEV, as opposed to wasteland humans.

Minor deviations
These mutants have identical or near-identical phenotypes compared to normal humans, and most of their differences are distinctly positive, if still unnatural, evolutions.
 * Beastlords, humans who developed an ability to exert psychic control over animals.
 * Cyborgs, humans who have been modified with robotic components to gain enhanced abilities.
 * Dwarves, whose only difference from normal humans is their reduced stature.
 * Psykers, humans who possess a certain psychic power.
 * Slags, humans whose physiology adapted to prolonged seclusion underground, possessing, for example, perfect dark-light vision but their eyes are sensitive to bright light.
 * Radiation immune humans, an adaptation of the human species from several centuries worth of radiation exposure. Most radiation immune humans likely do not realize they are immune to ionization (no radiation sickness or ghoulification) as they had been taught by others to avoid it at all costs, but those that have sometimes ascribe it to a divine blessing. Others are scientifically studied in order to cure or vaccinate against certain environmental conditions. Alongside the radiation immune humans, radiation-resistant humans were born, such as Lumpy of Gecko.

Major deviations
These forms of mutants are more drastically different both physically and in usual personality from normal humans compared to the above, lesser deviations. They are often thought of and treated as altogether separate species from humanity by some.
 * Ghouls, humans that have been subjected to heavy radiation poisoning which is lethal in most cases, but for these dubiously "lucky" individuals have instead given them a degenerated, zombie-like appearance as well as indefinite lifespans. They are sterile and immune to the lethal effects of radiation but not to its degenerative effects. "Normal" ghouls retain more–or–less standard human personalities and cognitive abilities, while feral ghouls, who do not, are considered variant-humans and covered below.
 * Super mutants, former humans subjected to forced evolution via FEV-II from the Mariposa Military Base in California. They are much taller, bulkier, and more muscular than humans, have mostly green, gray, or yellowish skin, are immune to disease and radiation, and are gifted with superhuman strength and endurance. Although they are completely sterile, the rapid regeneration of their cells caused by FEV makes them virtually biologically immortal (but not immune to death from injury). The more previous radiation exposure a human has sustained, the more of a chance their transformation into a super mutant has to either fail, killing them, or work less–than–optimally, making them more likely to be brutal and less intelligent. Most super mutants have turned out short of the Master's ideal due to this, and only a handful of them possess the intelligence to match their strength and make them truly superior to normal humans.
 * Nightkin, super mutants that have become blue-ish in coloration and developed further eccentricity, including schizophrenia, from overuse of Stealth Boys.

Variant humans
These former humans have suffered a degree of mutation that has turned them into monsters both appearance-wise and behaviorally, with only occasional individual exceptions.
 * Abominations, creatures resulting from alien experimentation on abducted humans. They have lost all sexual characteristics and higher brain functions. They are hostile to all other life forms, including their creators.
 * Vault 87 super mutants, creatures created by the Evolutionary Experimentation Program in Vault 87 in the Capital Wasteland; they are a separate species from the aforementioned and more humanity–retaining Mariposa mutants, but both share the general terminology of "super mutant" due to physical similarity. Like their counterparts, these mutants have yellowish skin and large, muscular bodies, but are also more innately aggressive, unintelligent, and brutish. Also, their facial expression is permanently set in a sneer. Unlike those from Mariposa, their mutation is continuous and unremitting, and they continue to "evolve" and grow up slowly over time through stages, up to the nine-meter super mutant behemoths. Only two of them by the time in 2277, Fawkes and Uncle Leo, are known to have kept their human sanity and intelligence.
 * Institute super mutants, beings created by the Institute's own FEV program and released into the Commonwealth. While just as aggressive as the Vault 87 strain, they are capable of some intelligence, as they forge armor for themselves and gather in large groups to raid human settlements. While similar to the West Coast and Vault 87 breeds, the Brotherhood of Steel note they are "quite different" from those found in the Capital Wasteland, including differences in anatomy. There are quite a large number of them in 2287, such as Strong, and Erickson in the Far Harbor add-on. These two are known to have kept their human sanity and intelligence. Brian Virgil is another notable mutant, however, he became a mutant of his own accord, and the change can be reverted depending on the actions of the Sole Survivor.
 * Feral ghouls are ghouls whose physical deterioration has also extended to their neurological systems, causing them to lose their ability to reason and become hostile towards all non-ghouls. Their body is also more skeletal than normal ghouls and their eyes are completely white.
 * Glowing ones, ghouls who have absorbed an unusually high amount of radiation into their bloodstream and muscle tissue without their neurological systems filtering these particles from the blood and tissue, becoming a luminescent yellow-green ghoul, living conduits of radiation, which can even persist for a short time after death. Generally mindless and thus considered a subtype to feral ghouls, at least two "normal" ghouls with the features of glowing ones have been encountered, Jason Bright and Oswald the Outrageous.
 * Marked men, former soldiers that were mutated by the detonation of underground ICBMs and skinned by the storms of the Divide. This horrific process turned them into a unique form of feral ghoul, kept alive only by the area's background radiation. Despite this, they seem to retain some level of intelligence, using weapons, crafting armor, and building houses. They are hostile towards all non-marked men.
 * Ghost people, humans twisted by constant, long–term exposure to the Cloud of the Sierra Madre, which would normally have killed them, but has been filtered through their hazmat suits. The resulting vicious creatures boast heightened perception, agility, extreme longevity, fire immunity, virtual immortality, and death with limb amputation caused by a universal mutation from which everything is connected. The suits of the ghost people have become permanently bonded to their bodies.
 * Lobotomites, humans who were surgically-altered with the Big MT medical experiments which turned them into mindless savages. Their brains have been replaced with advanced Tesla coils, allowing them to perform simple tasks such as using doors, walking, fighting hand-to-hand, and using firearms. Their head cannot be crippled, they have a better chem addiction resistance, and receive less shock from bodily damage, but they possess only rudimentary speech (the only noises that they make are short grunts, such as "stop you" or "kill") and lack a normal conscience. It also appears that their surgery allowed them to have a relatively long life, since the first lobotomite is still alive in 2281.
 * The Courier is the only known lobotomite to have retained their sanity and intelligence after being transformed. This is due to the fact that their brain was still functioning after the procedure, albeit detached from the main body.
 * Spore carriers, humans who have entered the terminal stage of Beauveria Mordicana infection. Once the entomopathogenic fungus has fully colonized a host body, the host dies, but the body continues to move by means of the fungal colonies within it. In this manner the fungus moves amongst more of its prey, occasionally spraying spores in a radius around the host body, infecting all who come near it.
 * Trogs, humans who have entered the terminal stage of the Troglodyte Degeneration Contagion. They are completely mindless monsters that dwell in darkness and fear the light.
 * Swampfolk, humans who have developed extreme deformities.
 * Centaurs, a mix of humans, dogs, cats, and other types of animals created by the Master through FEV.
 * Scorched, humans who have been infested with the Scorched Plague, which has erased their individual consciousnesses and linked them to a primitive hive mind.
 * Mole miners, humans that mutated within their miner suits leading to shorter stature and aggression towards humans, with exceptions such as Purveyor Murmrgh.
 * Wendigos, humans that mutated into violent cannibalistic monsters.
 * Wendigo colossus, wendigos that have been further mutated by radiation.
 * Grafton monsters, humans that were test subjects during FEV experimentation and have transformed into large, gray creatures with non-distinct heads.

Gameplay relevance
In Fallout, Fallout 2, Fallout 3, Fallout: New Vegas, Fallout 4, and Fallout 76, the player character can only embody a human. Fallout Tactics allowed one to control other races (see Fallout Tactics race), even though the player could only start as a human and Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel is the only Fallout game allowing players to choose a ghoul as the principal player character.

Fallout 3, Fallout: New Vegas and Fallout 4
Human non-player characters suffer extra damage from headshots both in V.A.T.S. and in free-fire mode.

Fallout 76
All the human residents of Appalachia were killed or had left the region before 2102; the only humans that were alive were the inhabitants of vaults including the player character. Since the Wastelanders update, living humans from outside Appalachia have returned to the region.

Fallout: The Board Game
Human players will start with either a weapon or a piece of armor at the beginning of the game. Humans do not gain any bonus or advantage during gameplay. Human enemies in the game are weakest to leg attacks and body attacks, and almost always drop loot.