Caesar

Caesar, born Edward Sallow, is the charismatic leader, dictator and co-founder of Caesar's Legion in 2281. He is the self-proclaimed "Son of Mars," a former member of the Followers of the Apocalypse and an ex-citizen of the NCR.

Origins
Edward Sallow was born in 2226 as an NCR citizen. When he was two years old, he and his mother fled the Boneyard when raiders killed his father, eventually finding sanctuary with the Followers of the Apocalypse in 2231. He received a free education from the Followers and eventually became a scribe, specializing in anthropology and linguistics. Though he was intelligent and charismatic, the narcissistic and petulant Edward was never very popular among his peers. He did not feel like he belonged among the Followers and, in hindsight, considered their goals to be utterly naive.

In 2246, at the age of twenty, Sallow, fellow Follower Bill Calhoun, and seven others were sent to the east to study tribal dialects. He was instructed to meet with Joshua Graham, a Mormon missionary and tribal specialist from New Canaan. They embarked on a journey to the region known formerly as Arizona, as part of a nine-person expedition. Disgusted by the primitive conditions in which the tribals lived, he looked down upon them as inferior and immoral. During this expedition, they discovered a cache of books about ancient Rome. While he knew some basic facts about ancient history, the books shed new light on some of the details. Reading first The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and then Julius Caesar's own Commentarii, and personal accounts of his military conquests; those books changed his life and were the starting point of his grand plan.

Rise to Power
At some point in 2247, Sallow, Graham, Calhoun and the others became hostages of the Blackfoot tribe. While Sallow believed the tribe did this for ransom, Graham would later attribute the change in the tribe's relationship with the party to a mistranslation. At the time, the tribe was at war with seven other tribes; they were heavily outnumbered and Sallow recognized their defeat and subsequent demise was only a matter of time. Unwilling to be destroyed along with them, Sallow chose (against the wishes of his companions) to use his knowledge to train the Blackfoot tribe in the art of warfare after witnessing their lack of knowledge first hand. He showed them how to clean and maintain guns, operate with small unit tactics, manufacture explosives and to strike at their weakest enemies first; divide et impera (divide and conquer). He quickly impressed them enough to the point where he was made their leader, taking upon himself the name Caesar.

Caesar introduced the tribe to the concept of total war against the tribes around them. Sallow knew that, even though the tribes had always fought each other via occasional skirmishes, he considered them to only be "playing at war," having never seen warfare at its most destructive and barbaric state. They defeated the weakest of their enemies first and enslaved many of the able-bodied survivors; but Sallow had the rest, including women and children, killed to the last, leaving their remains piled high. When Sallow surrounded the next of the Blackfoot tribe's foes, they refused to surrender. Sallow brought an emissary of the tribe back to witness the fate of the first tribe. The tribe surrendered, rather than suffer the same fate. The concept of total war was an entirely new and terrifying type of conflict that the tribes had never encountered before. Such brutality would form the core of the Legion's tactics and philosophy.

Surprisingly, Joshua Graham decided to join Sallow as his right-hand man, in time becoming known as the Malpais Legate. While Calhoun was sent back to the Followers to inform them of what he was doing, the other six members of the expedition were murdered on the self-proclaimed Emperor's orders. The newly-christened Caesar formed his Legion out of the tribes that had either been conquered or had chosen to capitulate to avoid total destruction. He used the Commentarii as a blueprint―after all, which illiterate tribal would know that he was not the original Caesar, and his "Rome" was merely a copy of a civilization long gone. Caesar chose the concept of the Roman Empire as a model for the Legion because of its parallels to what he considered the "status-quo" of the post-apocalyptic world; he believed the concept of individualism had no place in facing the challenges of the wasteland. Ideologically, the Roman Empire also appealed to him for its ability to assimilate those it conquered; the destruction of "tribal" identities was a key part of the Legion's long-term strategy for unification. He intended to erase their individual identities and replace them all with a single, monolithic culture, The Legion, where individuals have no value outside of what they offer the greater whole.

By 2250, Caesar had declared himself the son of Mars, Roman god of war, and five years later he established his first capital in the ruins of Flagstaff. By 2274, he had conquered most of the tribes of northern Arizona, southwestern Colorado, western New Mexico and eastern Utah, and became known as the "Conqueror of the 86 Tribes," whose Legion had never met any serious defeat until their confrontation with the NCR at the First Battle of Hoover Dam.

War with the NCR
The Republic has the dubious distinction of being recognized by Caesar as a worthy adversary. He views his campaign against NCR as similar to that of his namesake Gaius Julius Caesar who eventually seized power for himself after crossing the river Rubicon and capturing Rome; going on to take control of the Republic after years of campaigning against the tribes of Gaul more than two thousand years earlier. Likewise, the new Caesar has campaigned against the myriad tribes of the East and will now cross the Colorado River and begin his unstoppable conquest of the West and the NCR.

After succeeding in destroying one of their major fortifications, Fort Aradesh, Legion forces under the command of the Malpais Legate marched against the NCR garrison at Hoover Dam, in an attempt to take the strategic asset and river crossing. In what became known as the First Battle of Hoover Dam, the Malpais Legate initially had the upper hand, able to push the NCR defenders back and lead his forces over the dam. Lead elements of the NCR, including members of the 1st Recon Battalion and NCR Rangers, executed a tactical retreat west across the dam and into Boulder City, all the while using their prowess in marksmanship to kill the Legion officers (primarily centurions and Decanii). The Legate, unable to adapt to new strategies in combat, chose to order his Legionaries to push the rangers, not knowing the NCR had booby-trapped Boulder City, laying explosives along their line of retreat, drawing the Legion into a trap. When the Legion forces entered the city, the NCR detonated the explosives and inflicted severe casualties among the Legion forces, crippling their offensive. The NCR forces then counter-attacked, pushing back and eventually routing the Legion forces who fled back east over the Dam. Caesar, angered at the failure of his Legate, made an example of him to show that failure will not be tolerated even at the highest rank. The praetorian guard covered the Malpais Legate in pitch, set him on fire, and cast him into the Grand Canyon.

Now in 2281, Caesar makes his camp at Fortification Hill, poised to take the Dam and subsequently New Vegas as his new capital. Caesar is playing his cards more cautiously this time, and will not give the order for Lanius to attack the Dam until he can unearth the contents of the vault sealed beneath his base in the Mojave. Caesar also needs to neutralize House, attempt to forge an alliance with the Boomers and the White Glove Society, destroy the Mojave Brotherhood of Steel, deal with his brain tumor and attempt to assassinate President Kimball.

Philosophy
The bedrock of Caesar's philosophy is that service to the state is not just the highest virtue, it is the only virtue. Caesar is critical of NCR society, saying "there is no interest in the common good" among most of its citizens. This is contrary to what Caesar believes: that "an individual has no value beyond his utility to the state, whether as an instrument of war, or production." He views the Great War of 2077 as a chance for mankind to start over, and aims to use man's weakened post-War condition as an opportunity to unite as many human survivors as he can under one banner. Reading through "old books," Caesar has gained knowledge of the old glory of Imperial Rome, and has used the ignorance of his followers to claim that he is Caesar, the son of Mars, the God of War, and not Edward Sallow, former Follower of the Apocalypse.

For all his eloquence and powerful rhetoric, Caesar is ultimately a fraud, his mighty empire based on a lie. Most members of the Legion, excluding some of the most trusted men, are oblivious to the fact that the Legion's culture is based on books about ancient Rome - they believe that all of the customs enforced by Caesar were dictated to him by Mars himself. Any claims to the contrary are treated as the ultimate blasphemy by Caesar and his men. While some of the newly captured slaves are skeptical, they don't tend to be vocal about it, and their children are taken away from their parents to be raised by Caesar's priestesses. Secretly, Caesar still doesn't feel like a real Emperor of Rome; with his loose nation of savages, he still thinks of himself as merely a barbaric king of the Gauls. By seizing New Vegas, Caesar believes that he will finally be able to elevate his Legion into a legitimate nation by giving it its own "Rome," transforming them from a nomadic army into a true empire; a militaristic, patriarchal, imperialist, autocratic, culturally homogeneous empire whose ruler holds undisputed power, a "Pax Romana" which would prevent humanity from ever fracturing itself again. In the NCR, he found his Carthage.

He regards the NCR as only an extension of the corruption that existed during the Old World and that it is ultimately doomed to repeat the same mistakes. He sees in it similar attributes associated with the Roman Republic before Julius Caesar seized power; extensive bureaucracy, corruption, senatorial infighting and filled with a people driven solely by greed and personal gain. It exists as the antithesis to the Legion and as a catalyst for change that only a confrontation with it can bring; a clash he sees as an inevitable product of Hegelian dialectics. The conflict is a vital one, not only for the future of his Legion strategically, but also philosophically; the NCR is the first of his enemies to which he is truly ideologically opposed and the first that can truly test the Strength of his Legion, as well as his philosophy.

In his view, the NCR does not have a long-term solution to the problems of the Wasteland - the bombs had reset humanity's progress and he believed the time had come to rebuild it into something new. He argues that NCR is weakened by its democracy, and that it was at its strongest when under the dominating rule of its second president - Tandi - whose popularity was such that the NCR Senate let her remain in office for nearly fifty years. Caesar recalls how he was taught to venerate her as a child, how she was ultimately more of a queen than an elected official, and that it is that long-term, highly-centralized authority that mankind needs most, not briefly-serving elected leaders who must always answer to their people.

Caesar also regards self-sacrifice as a necessary part of rebuilding civilization, as evidenced by the fact that he refuses the very notion of using the Securitrons hidden inside the bunker underneath his camp. Caesar rejects allowing his Legion to advance technologically, believing that life must be kept hard and filled with sacrifice in order to strengthen humanity. He has similarly kept his people ignorant of mankind's former knowledge of medical science, allowing his Legion to get by on primitive healing powders while he himself keeps an Auto-Doc in his tent.

Ideology
Caesar, once called Edward Sallow, was raised by the Followers of the Apocalypse at age two after his father was killed by raiders, with his mother working as a librarian. He spent his childhood studying alongside the Followers and was given courses free of charge, reading old pre-War books particularly about history and philosophy. In adulthood, he became a scribe for the Followers specializing in anthropology and linguistics, at some point becoming proficient in Latin. Due to his expertise in these fields, he became part of an expedition to meet the Blackfoot tribe, during which he found a cache of books about Rome, which, combined with his sense of civilized elitism and contempt for tribal civilization, would precipitate his disillusionment with the contemporary state of politics and begin to shape his worldview towards a sense of disgust of how severely humanity had fractured itself from infighting. He ultimately saw post-war tribal society as a doomed way of living and disregarded the idea of studying them, believing them to be "backward savages" with nothing of value to learn from for the survival of humanity.

While still a Follower and therefore formal citizen of the NCR, Caesar was taught to venerate President Tandi as "The Founding Mother of the New California Republic." Contrasting the 52 years of long and stable rule by Tandi, whom the NCR Council didn't dare oppose due to her popularity, with the increasingly corrupt and fragmented rule of the many quarrelsome senators of his time, Caesar resented what he saw as the lost virtue of the republic thanks to what he would later refer to as the profligates. To Caesar, the NCR represents a dying dream of a return to the old world, dominated by landowners and brahmin barons bribing the government and senators recklessly spending tax money on extravagant projects to empower their own support base, to the detriment of its citizens as a whole. He maintained a respect for NCR's President Aaron Kimball, as a general, for his swift and draconian responses to hostile tribes that attacked NCR citizens, believing that, while in the military, he had succeeded where Tandi had failed due to lack of interference from the council. He laments Kimball's choice to become a politician and enter power through an election rather than staging a military coup, believing that the NCR would be "much different" had such an event taken place.

As a hostage, and eventual leader of the Blackfoots, Caesar had used the knowledge of old world military tactics he learned as a Follower, to violently carve a path to supremacy over the several other tribes they had been at war with, shocking the primitive tribals through acts of destruction such as exterminating the entire Ridgers tribe after they refused to surrender. Through this, he successfully subjugated and enslaved all the other tribes, viewing their servitude as a blessing due to their barbaric and primitive lifestyles. Not wanting a repeat of the failures of the NCR, which he viewed as an allegory for the Roman Republic, he crowned himself Caesar and established a strict centralized military hierarchy under his absolute rule. Caesar enforced the mixing of conquered tribes to break down previous tribal loyalties and erased old customs and traditions, indoctrinating the tribes to serve as a slave army under one uniform identity, rendering them subjects of this new Legion as the extension of his will, eventually proclaiming himself the "Son of Mars." This would, in Caesar's view, rid his loose confederation of tribes of the "plague" of tribal identities to create his own Pax Romana: a nationalist, imperialist, totalitarian, culturally homogeneous empire that protects its citizens and the power of its dictator (although this represents something of a misunderstanding of Roman methods of control - the Empire was decidedly not homogeneous culturally, as it achieved much of its control over distant territories by acknowledging and honoring local customs and allowing local leaders to continue in power as long as they submitted to the will of Rome and provided tribute. .)

Having abandoned the Followers of the Apocalypse, Caesar nevertheless retained his vision of repurposing the surviving human societies into a civilization that could and would survive the post-apocalypse, using Imperial Rome as a template for this new culture in which its citizens are dedicated to something higher than themselves. Adapting these ideals to service his goal, Caesar intends to unite humanity under one banner to prevent a future catastrophe, regarding the concept of individualism as selfish and counterproductive to the long term stability of the nation and instead determining that the individual's value should depend entirely on their utility to the state, whether to act as an instrument of war or production. In his view, the NCR represents the first civilization to which he is ideologically opposed to, showing a strategic departure from his previous tribal conflicts, most of whom he saw as too primitive and barbaric to be considered for anything other than immediate enslavement and assimilation. He believes that the subjugation of the NCR, will cause a shift that will change the Legion as well, resulting in the first synthesis of his Legion through the philosophical process of Hegelian dialectics, in which Caesar plans to dissolve the NCR's democratic governance: ridding it of its constitution and abolishing the council, while retaining common elements and ideas for the Legions eventual transformation from a nomadic army into a standing military force under a military dictatorship.

Quests

 * Render Unto Caesar: From here on out, the player can choose to work for Caesar, and thus, the Legion.
 * Et Tumor, Brute?: Caesar has a lethal brain tumor that he desperately needs fixed.
 * The House Always Wins, Wild Card: You and What Army?: When the player comes to The Fort, Caesar believes he has another pawn to use. He orders the Courier to go to the underground weather monitoring station and destroy the Securitron vault. When Mr. House or Yes Man contacts you from within the bunker and tells the Courier to activate all the Securitrons, the player can. The resultant shaking of the ground fools Caesar into thinking you destroyed whatever was there.
 * Return to Sender: If Caesar has been killed or his sickness discovered, the player can complete the quest by convincing Chief Hanlon to stop his plot against the NCR, thus allowing both the Rangers led by the Chief and the Troopers led by Lee Oliver to be praised for their victory in Hoover Dam (If the Courier join the Republic), having Hanlon retire (If the Player join Yes Man/House), or the remaining Rangers being killed to the last by the Legion (If you join the Legion)
 * I Forgot to Remember to Forget: If Caesar is killed, 2 companion points are gained, which helps gain access to Craig Boone's personal quest.

Killing Caesar
If you manage to kill Caesar the effects on the game are fairly minor, (although the Legion ending is massively changed), due to the fact that Caesar, as the leader of the Legion, no longer directly participates in combat.
 * If the Courier speaks to Caesar before attacking him, they can say "Death to tyrants!" This is a common mistranslation of the Latin phrase "Sic semper tyrannis." The actual translation of this phrase is "Thus always to tyrants." This is believed to have been uttered by the assassins of the real Julius Caesar. The latter is also the name of a challenge to assassinate the NCR's President.
 * If Caesar dies for any reason other than his illness in Et Tumor, Brute?, Legion reputation will automatically change to Vilified, even if you didn't kill him yourself.
 * Julie Farkas exclaims "So, the great Caesar is dead ..." and goes on saying that she doubts that it will have much effect on the imminent attack.
 * If you talk to Mr. House about killing Caesar before he dies, Mr. House will reply that "[He] does not want you to touch one hair on that man's head, assuming you can find one." He says that Caesar provides a good distraction for the NCR.
 * If you kill Caesar while working with Mr. House on the various "The House Always Wins" quests, you can return to Mr. House and tell him that Caesar is dead. Mr. House simply notes that this has a "minimal" impact on the battle for Hoover Dam and offers no reward or punishment for the action.
 * If you kill Caesar, Mr. New Vegas will say "it is still unknown how the assassin managed to evade security," even if you killed Caesar in a frontal assault on The Fort (i.e., didn't evade security).
 * Even if Caesar is killed without being detected, many denizens of the Mojave will still openly praise the Courier for the deed.
 * If Caesar is killed with Boone as a companion, Boone will smugly say "Thumbs down, you son of a bitch!" - a reference to the gesture that is commonly thought to have called for the execution of a failed gladiator in ancient Rome, interestingly though, thumb inside the fist actually meant "mercy" or "weapons down." He will subsequently have further dialogue options when selecting the "Talk" option. He will also talk about the death of Caesar having little effect on the attack on Hoover Dam, but admits, on prompting from the Courier, that he still enjoyed it immensely. You will also gain two points to use toward Boone's quest I Forgot to Remember to Forget.
 * There is a speech dialogue, if speaking with the Legate at the end of the game, stating "So, Caesar giving orders from beyond the grave?" - an indication that Mr. House is right, and Caesar's death was no more than a minimal setback. However, House will also note that Lanius is a poor leader compared to Caesar, and predicts that within a year of his death the Legion will be torn apart by infighting.
 * Caleb McCaffery greets you with "All hail the slayer of Caesar!"
 * Marcus remarks that the Legion follow Caesar, not Caesar's ideals, and that when Caesar dies the Legion will fall apart—though perhaps not immediately.
 * NCR troopers will say: "Wish I could have been there to see Caesar die. What an asshole."
 * Chairmen at The Tops will state "You're the gasser who killed Caesar, ain't ya? Ring-a-ding!"
 * Francine Garret states "here's one on the house for taking down Caesar, serves him right for treating women like livestock," and gives you a free bottle of liquor.
 * James Garret will also give you a free bottle of liquor, like his sister.
 * Some travelers on the Strip will comment, "Now that you've killed that Caesar bastard, the Strip's really going to bloom."
 * White Gloves in the Ultra-Luxe will comment, "There's a rumor going around that you killed Caesar! I'm dying to know... is it true? That he used a hairpiece, I mean?"
 * If Caesar is killed, Sergeant McCredie at Camp Golf will compliment the Courier on a great job, and Mags will say, "I hear Caesar's dead, and we have you to thank for it...nice work."
 * In Honest Hearts you are able to tell Joshua Graham that you "saw to it" that Caesar died. He will not react much to the news but he will admit that he thought he would die before Caesar. He also remarks that Caesar's death is good news for the Mojave, and states that without Caesar's leadership the Legion will eventually fall apart. However, you cannot do the reverse, as killing the Legion's former No. 2 man (or even leaving him alive) brings no dialogue options with Caesar. (He will still mention Caesar in the final battle against the White Legs)
 * If the player speaks to Lily, she will remark that Leo thinks there will be more people to chop up and that the player should be careful.
 * If you speak to Ulysses after the end of Lonesome Road you can tell him if you have killed Caesar, he isn't angry despite his former allegiance to the Legion and states that the east may fall apart in time but that it's too soon to tell; he goes on to say that unless you do the same to Lanius he won't thank you.
 * While near the end of Return to Sender, you can convince Chief Hanlon to come back to his senses and cease falsifying the reports by reporting Caesar's death to him.

Appearances
Caesar appears only in Fallout: New Vegas but is mentioned in the add-ons Honest Hearts, Old World Blues and Lonesome Road. He was going to appear in Van Buren, the canceled Fallout 3 by Black Isle Studios.

Behind the scenes

 * John Gonzalez wrote Caesar and J.E. Sawyer asked for Caesar to present his rationale in the framework of his interpretation of Hegelian dialectics.
 * Caesar possesses a number of parallels to his historical counterpart. For example, the historical Caesar actually suffered from a condition similar to the one depicted in-game. He had headaches, blackouts, and sometimes even seizures. In terms of appearance, Caesar is balding and has an Aquiline nose, a sign of nobility in ancient Rome. One thing of note is that Caesar is 55 years old in 2281, and the historical Julius Caesar was assassinated at the age of 56 on March 15, 44 B.C.
 * Metzger, the leader of the Slavers Guild from the Den, was initially named Caesar.
 * Caesar claims to be the son of Mars; through his claimed ancestor, Romulus, C. Julius Caesar claimed to be a descendant of the god Mars as well.
 * In a quote, Caesar refers to the Rubicon River, which the real Julius Caesar actually crossed in 49 B.C., triggering the Roman civil wars. Roman armies were forbidden from crossing it (and, as such, entering Rome itself) except for few exceptions. Therefore, having his armies cross the river was the same as a declaration of war and as such an irreversible decision, a point of no return. This reference, in combination with Caesar's plan of making Vegas the true capital of his empire, parallels the historical Caesar.
 * Though Caesar claims he is following the example of the Roman Empire in creating a homogeneous culture through conquest, this demonstrates he is not quite as educated on the Empire as he believes: the real Empire achieved control over many areas by requiring the populace to submit to Roman rule but honoring local customs and allowing local leaders to continue their rule as long as they took orders. Caesar's Legion is considerably more controlling than the actual Empire was, requiring much more brutal force than Rome usually exerted over its territories.