Ghoul

Ghouls are mutated humans or animals affected by the phenomenon of ghoulification. The phenomenon has been observed in humans, gorillas, and American black bears. In the case of humans, ghouls are sometimes referred to as necrotic post-humans in the Capital Wasteland, but this term does not seem to have been adopted outside of it. Despite their zombie-like appearance, the flesh of ghouls is not actually rotten. Intense and prolonged radiation has ravaged their skin, much of their flesh, and in some cases many of their ligaments. Despite their infertility and in some cases mental deterioration, they have greatly extended overall lifespans and are immune to (and sometimes even healed by) background radiation and/or nuclear fallout.

Description
Consistent exposure to concentrated levels of background radiation for an extended period of time will randomly result in humans undergoing a mutation/transformation into the ghoul species. Camp Searchlight would also show that quick, perhaps even instantaneous transformations are not unheard of or out of the question. Nevertheless, for typical humans, any serious exposure to background radiation levels results in sickness, shortly followed by death.

Most known ghouls in New California were created from vault dwellers living in Vault 12 under Bakersfield, California (known as Necropolis after the Great War). As part of the vast Vault Experiment Program, the Vault 12 door was intentionally designed not to close completely. Radiation from nuclear detonations and the subsequent fallout contaminated the vault, resulting in the death or mutation of every occupant. The survivors can be found scattered throughout this region, mostly in Gecko, a town established near an old, half-functional Poseidon Energy nuclear power plant. Many could also be found in Broken Hills, an old town located near a uranium mine, typically inhabited by humans, super mutants and ghouls. However, the uranium was eventually depleted and the town was abandoned sometime after 2242.

Ghouls from other regions most likely originated from opportune or home-made shelters. Such shelters were not adequate to fully protect against all the effects of nuclear fallout. Radiation levels in some areas were such that they were low enough not to kill people but high enough not to leave them unscathed. There are ghouls in the Midwest, most notably a nuclear weapon-worshiping cult in Kansas City. Both Quincy and Springfield also have at least some ghoul occupants. In Texas, many of the former residents of Los Ybanez (known as Los after the Great War) became ghouls, probably when blocked at the entrance of the Secret Vault. Later, in the same city, the Church of the Lost was created by former vault-dwellers that had become ghouls.

In the Capital Wasteland, many ghouls currently alive were born long after the Great War of 2077, and succumbed to radiation poisoning much later, due to the high levels of radiation in Washington, D.C. and its surroundings for decades following the fall of the bombs. In some cases (e.g. Charon), however, there is evidence of pre-War ghouls. The majority of intelligent ghouls in the Capital Wasteland have chosen to settle in Underworld, a settlement established in the Museum of History in the ruins of The Mall. The settlement got its name from an exhibit on representations of afterlife mythology in which the ghouls established their town.

In the Mojave Wasteland, they can be found in small amounts throughout the region, but no town is completely dedicated to them. There are usually a few ghouls living among humans in various communities performing jobs in order to survive, such as the guard Beatrix Russell and the comedian Hadrian, both of which are in Freeside. The only known community of ghouls in the region is the Bright Brotherhood, a religious faction located in the REPCONN test site, founded and led by an intelligent glowing one named Jason Bright, who wants to leave Earth and go into space to find a "new world," a promised land foretold by Bright himself. There are also several ghoul rangers occupying Ranger station Echo, implying some level of acceptance of ghouls serving in the NCR.

Discrimination
Since the War, more people have had run-ins with ghouls, both civil and feral. Because of the animalistic behavior and savage threat feral ghouls pose, many people view all ghouls negatively. For example, the residents of Tenpenny Tower refuse to let ghouls into their luxurious hotel, despite polite offers of caps. Chief Gustavo is particularly bigoted and feels that "they'll all go feral one day." Negative stereotypes about ghouls stem from wastelanders who couldn't care less that not all ghouls are feral. Terms like "zombie," "shuffler," or "brain-eater" are common insults. Because of this general negativity, some ghouls, such as Roy Phillips and Mister Crowley, have likewise developed a bitter hatred of humans.

Controversy over origins
There is some disagreement, even among the makers of Fallout games, about the origins of ghouls. While Tim Cain said explicitly that ghouls are only a result of radiation, consistent with an understanding of the science of radiation as it stood during the 1950s, Chris Taylor said that a mix of both radiation and FEV was involved. While Chris Avellone initially supported the latter view in his Fallout Bible, he was later convinced to support the radiation-only version.

Biology
Ghouls were "created" in the Great War of 2077, with the exception of at least one pre-War ghoul, Edward Winter. Ghouls are still alive during Fallout (2161), Fallout 2 (2241), Fallout 3 (2277), Fallout: New Vegas (2281) and Fallout 4 (2287). All ghouls live considerably longer than normal humans, though they are sterile. The reason for this longevity has to do with differences on the cellular level, and the ability of ghoul DNA to regenerate at a rate unmatched by normal human nucleic acids. Occasionally, additional genetic material is added as a result of the mutation. The unnaturally long lifespan of a ghoul is also due to a mutation within the autonomic nervous system of certain individuals following exposure to specific combinations of ionizing radiation with wavelengths below ten picometers. Radiation that has such a short wavelength, is known as gamma radiation and is normally lethal to healthy humans in even moderate doses. The mutation in response to gamma radiation that produces ghouls disrupts the normal process of decay in the neurotransmitters along the spinal cord.

Ghouls were not an immediate phenomenon. The process took months or years for some. After a few weeks, their skin slowly started to flake off and crack, as well as partial or complete hair loss. In Fallout 3, Carol explains that even after the War it took a while for the ghouls to start looking like they do now. However, there have been occasions when ghouls are made instantly by large doses of radiation. For example, Camp Searchlight, where an entire base of NCR soldiers was transformed into feral ghouls (except Private Edwards) when radioactive waste containers were opened by members of Caesar's Legion, the ghoulification of Moira Brown after the atomic bomb in Megaton was detonated by the Lone Wanderer (if the player character chose to do so) and Hancock turning into a ghoul via a chem in Fallout 4.

Although often lacking strength due to decayed tissue, ghouls have heightened senses, making them more perceptive and lucky than other wasteland humanoids. As a result, chems like Jet barely affect them. Dr. Barrows, when healing the player character, bemoans the fact that "You humans are so fragile."

Specifically, the neurotransmitters affected in a ghoul's mutation are those responsible for cardiac and respiratory function in a healthy human being. These transmitters are continually regenerated at a greatly accelerated rate after the mutation sets in, carrying sufficient oxygen to sustain the life of the subject while being insufficient to retain dermal elasticity and avoid the resulting necrosis, the result of which is the decaying, corpse-like appearance of post-mutation humans. Old ghouls may also still suffer from some of the debilitating effects of old age, however, as some of the two-century-old ghouls like Raul Tejada and Dean Domino complain of knee problems when made to crouch (and both of them were far from elderly when they became ghouls). Raul also mentions how he's no longer as swift and agile as he used to be in his youth, though this might be psychosomatic and/or fed by Raul's continuous doubts about his age and place in the world. Still, these may indicate that their regenerative abilities' problems with skin could extend to other soft tissues of their joints. Considering that ghouls are missing their noses, the pinna of the ear, and some complain of knee pain, it may be that the process of ghoulification also damages the cartilage in the human body.

In physical appearance, a ghoul's flesh is constantly rotting off, appearing very raw and discolored from necrosis (although, in the case of non-feral ghouls seen in Fallout 4, the physical appearance of their flesh is more consistent with severe burn scars than necrosis). Lips and eyelids are sometimes absent, and noses are in almost every case completely rotted off. Feral ghouls are typically heavily emaciated and hunched over (possibly due to malnutrition and lack of sunlight), while non-ferals typically have a healthier, more human-like build and posture. Another major difference between ferals and non-ferals is how they dress. While non-ferals usually dress like normal humans, feral ghouls wear little clothing other than tattered pants or sections of old armor, having long ago lost the mental capacity to mend or replace their clothes.

Ghouls, at least the non-feral ones, are generally as intelligent as normal humans. However, their intelligence has in some cases decreased at varying rates as a result of the radiation rotting their brains. This degradation may continue until their ability to reason has gone completely, and they become feral. Their physical repulsiveness makes the life of a ghoul difficult at best - only the most tolerant human communities accept them as anything more than monsters. Some ghouls eventually go mad, and it remains unclear exactly what precipitates this change in neurobiology and psychology, but anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that non-social ghouls, or those in isolation, are more prone to the condition. It is known that ghouls can turn feral when exposed to excessive levels of radiation. In the only known case of a ghoulified child, Billy Peabody survived for 210 years locked inside of a refrigerator subsisting on nothing but radiation and whatever meager contents that his prison still contained. Ghouls that succumb to insanity are called "feral ghouls." They are mindlessly aggressive and, having lost their ability to reason, driven entirely by their instincts. These feral ghouls strongly resemble zombies like those depicted in old horror films, and this misconception succeeds in alienating non-feral ghouls even more from humans. The term "zombie" has become an offensive racial slur to ghouls and "smoothskin" is a derogatory term for humans often used by ghouls.

Ghouls are immune to most forms of radiation that still remain in the wasteland. Radiation poisoning cannot get worse for the ghouls, though it can hasten the process of decay and lead to their decline into the feral state as described above. However, many ghouls report feeling healthier when exposed to low-level radiation and thus make their homes near locations with acute background radiation. The ghouls known as "glowing ones" actually enjoy large amounts of radiation, which they describe as being "comfortably warm." They are even healed by it.

One of the most common side effects of ghoulification is sporadic or even complete hair loss. Few ghouls retain enough hair on their heads to actually maintain a haircut, and ghouls with facial hair are even rarer. Another is vocal degradation, as ghouls with clear voices are very uncommon, most having a raspy rattle to theirs. Desmond Lockheart from Point Lookout and Raul Tejada from Fallout: New Vegas are two of the few examples of ghouls with facial hair, and Plik from Point Lookout and Jason Bright from Fallout: New Vegas are two examples of ghouls with an exceptionally clear voice. While the exact cause of the typical "voice damage" is unknown, it is more than likely partial decay of the vocal cords. In the case of Billy Peabody, the only known child ghoul, his normal speaking voice was retained while his parents' voices were severely distorted.

People who purposefully turned themselves into ghouls, such as Desmond Lockhart and Eddie Winter, escape some of the side effects of ghoulification, keeping most of their hair and having little vocal chord damage, but still suffer from the necrosis of their bodies like other ghouls.

According to M.A.R.Go.T., the "unidentified persons" (feral ghouls) in the Presidential metro area "possess no internal body heat and emit lethal levels of radiation."

Feral ghoul


Feral ghouls are among the more unfortunate mutants whose minds have deteriorated from prolonged radiation poisoning, becoming instinct-driven savages, attacking anyone and anything relentlessly, save for other ghouls, although this is rather tenuous and they are known to attack intelligent ghouls. Wearing the ghoul mask in Fallout 3 makes all feral ghouls ignore the player character unless directly assaulted. Despite what Roy Phillips says, no matter how close one gets to a feral ghoul when wearing the ghoul mask, they will not "sniff you out," and become hostile.

Glowing one
These ghouls have absorbed so much radiation they glow a ghastly green color in the dark. They are known as "glowing ones," and are often considered outsiders even by other ghouls. The glowing ones can sustain a lot more damage than other ghouls, second only to reavers. They also emit radiation from their whole body, and can even release a devastating blast of energy from their bodies at will, healing nearby ghouls and harming unlucky attackers caught in the blast radius.

People have seen on more than one occasion a feral glowing one fighting or being chased by "normal" feral ghouls. Although very rare, it is possible for a glowing one to retain their intelligence and cognitive functions, such as Jason Bright, Oswald the Outrageous, and several unnamed ghouls in Necropolis and most of the technicians at the Gecko power plant.

Intelligent ghoul


Intelligent ghouls have suffered little to no mental degradation from their condition and retain their full faculties from before their transformation. These ghouls possess the ability to talk, and they normally wear clothing, as well as carrying and using weapons. Some may have hair on their head, but not a lot. Some male ghouls, such as Raul Tejada, may even be lucky enough to retain some semblance of facial hair, similar to Desmond in the Fallout 3 add-on Point Lookout, with hair on both his head and face. They normally have a low, gravely, and rather raspy voice, most likely due to damage to their vocal cords from a combination of radiation and necrosis. Jason Bright, an intelligent glowing one, from Fallout: New Vegas has a normal voice, although it has an odd echoing quality to it. If Megaton is destroyed in Fallout 3, Moira Brown has a similar, but notably different voice effect. Regular ghouls walk normally, unlike ferals, which hunch over. The majority of them are not hostile and will not attack without provocation. Ghouls often refer to humans as "smoothskins." These ghouls also find terms such as "shuffler" and "zombie" to be offensive. Hostile intelligent ghouls, violent even without provocation, do exist, the most noteworthy being the Chinese remnants, Chinese spies, soldiers, and special forces units trapped in the United States following the Great War. Remnant forces are wholly unaware (or perhaps in denial) of the worldwide nuclear destruction that has occurred and believe that they are still in a state of war, continuing to follow old objectives sent to them pre-War by the People's Liberation Army. Remnant forces have retained much of their intelligence and training, and attack all those they encounter without hesitation.

Marked men


Skinned alive by the winds of the Divide (via a failed Big MT experiment), and turned into ghouls by the radiation of the exploded underground missiles, marked men suffer from a unique form of ghoulification only seen in the Divide. The injuries they suffer from would mean the death of an ordinary ghoul, and the radiation of the Divide is believed to be the only thing keeping them alive. Despite still being cognitive enough to carry weapons and utilize advanced tactics such as constructing outposts and utilizing guard towers, they are still immediately hostile to any and all outsiders that venture near.

Endless walker


Ghouls exposed to the harsh conditions of the American Southwest for too long will become what is known as an endless walker. Years of the desert sun has cooked their brain, destroying the cerebrum and turning any normal ghouls that undergo the process feral. They are cursed to endlessly walk, forever searching for something to quiet their insatiable appetite. Their skin has hardened into a natural leather, making them more resilient.

Born ghoul


Through cruel experimentation on humans by Dr. Sebastian at the Reservation, born ghouls were created. They are ghouls who have not mutated from humans, but who were actually born into ghoul-dom. There are only three known born ghouls.

Appearances
Ghouls appear in every Fallout game to date.

Behind the scenes

 * A ghoul is described as "Bloodman" in an old Fallout concept art piece.
 * In folklore, a ghoul is a monster or spirit that is associated with graveyards and consuming human flesh.