FRM File Format

This article delves into the raw data format of the FRM graphics file. The same format was used for both Fallout and Fallout 2, giving all FRM files complete compatibility with both game engines.

General Information
The FRM format is used to store all of the game's images for map objects, critter animations, talking heads and their respective backgrounds, as well as all of the components which comprise the Pip-Boy interface. Splash screens are the only images which are stored in a separate format. Each FRM contains one or more frame(s) of image data.

Pallete
FRMs are unpaletted 256-color image files containing either one or several image frame(s). The palettes used for FRMs come in the form of external palette files. The engine defaults to  if not specified, but FRMs may have their own distinct palette files. These specific palette files have the same name as the FRM, but with the extension .pal. For example, the palette file of  is.

An index color model is used to store raw pixel data, meaning each pixel is represented by an index in an array of colors. For the default palette (color.pal) which has 256 color indexes, the color index of 0 represents transparency.

Endianness
All data values stored in FRM files are structured in Big-Endian (Motorola) format as opposed to Little-Endian (Intel) format. The Big-Endian format stores the most-significant byte (largest digit places) closest to the value's starting memory address whereas the Little-Endian format stores the least-significant byte (smallest digit places) closest to the value's starting address.



File Suffixes
An FRM may contain image data for one or all of the 6 orientations used in Fallout. If an FRM has the extension .fr[0-5] instead of the usual .frm, then that file contains image data for the orientation given by the last digit in the extension. 0 represents the northeast direction and each subsequent suffix rotates in the clockwise direction (5 representing the northwest direction). Otherwise, the FRM contains image data for either orientation 0, or all 6 orientations.

Frame Positioning
The FRM contains offset values used to correctly align (or center) the image data. For example, image data should be aligned so that each critter's feet should be on the same level.

Each frame contained within the FRM has an offset from the previous frame which must be applied before rendering. This offset ensures that each frame is correctly aligned during an animation sequence.

The center of the image data is the center of the bottom edge of the frame. To find the position of the top left corner of the frame (needed for rendering):

left = center_x - (frame_width / 2) top = center_y - frame_height